Decision Making as Output and Bounded Rationality

  The classical economics theories proceed on the assumption of rational agents. Rationality implies the economic agents undertake actions or exercise choices based on the cost-benefit analysis they undertake. The assumption further posits that there exists no information asymmetry and thus the agent is aware of all the costs and benefits associated with the choice he or she has exercised. The behavioral school contested the decision stating the decisions in practice are often irrational. Implied there is a continuous departure from rationality. Rationality in the views of the behavioral school is more an exception to the norm rather a rule. The past posts have discussed the limitations of this view by the behavioral school. Economics has often posited rationality in the context in which the choices are exercised rather than theoretical abstract view of rational action. Rational action in theory seems to be grounded in zero restraint situation yet in practice, there are numerous restra

Urdu and Anti-Establishmentarians: Dominant Strategy?


Anti-establishmentarian rhetoric in India habitually conjures Urdu imagery and artistry. The same can be conceivably ascribed to the fact the rhetoric is an amalgamation of Islamic revivalism in attempts to reclaim its socio-political veto, Marxism ceaselessly in quest of a villain (Modi-Shah as new bourgeoisie) subduing the proletariat (Islam) and Nehruvian posterities unable to come to terms with the loss of power and privileges associated thereof and amplified by the Indian media cacophony. As I cited in Why Elitism Flourishes? http://stalkingtheory.blogspot.com/2019/12/why-elitism-flourishes.html , clubs once formed are protectionist but barriers to entry are formidable with connections not merit defining the benchmarks for admission.

Foot soldiers desire to enter upper layers of the elite pyramid and therefore thus a need on their part to demonstrate their eligibility. Implied is using certain signals in conveying their utility to the apex. The competition however is harsh. The system honours a certain rigour, not in the standard sense of the term, but within the requirements of furtherance of the agenda of the club. Oratory with free flow of Urdu poetry, in the given perspective, ostensibly is a highly desirable trait. To those wondering the compulsion of Urdu, answers perhaps are relatively easier.

Urdu originated in the Sultanate era and attained its golden period in later Mughal era. Urdu was sought to be distinct from the domestic Indian languages and borrowed a lot including the script from Arabic and Persian the home languages of Islamic invaders. Urdu was language of the camp. It was the show of supremacy accompanied with sense of differentiation from the rest of the society. The army had to act different and thus the product differentiation. As time evolved, it had to invoke an imagery that would convey a different elitist sense away from the common man or woman. It began to be the language of the Mughal court. Anyone with expertise in Urdu in all likelihood might command a status perhaps a notch or two above the rest. Sooner than later, Urdu became the default language of artistic expression. Poets who were one too many in Mughal court (notwithstanding Aurangzeb’s disdain for music) and competed with adoption and usage of new Urdu vocabulary to position themselves at the upper layers of Mughal patronage.

Post Mughals, the phenomenon did not die, it merely transformed into a sort of default tool of artistic expression. Bollywood dominated by Urdu poets and singers in its initial years added to romanticization of the same. To Syed Ahmed Khan and others, Urdu signified the era when Islam dominated the Indian political, social and cultural sphere. Attempts to reclaim the dominance necessitated Urdu as common language for Muslims. A transformation from an elitist language to one based on religion was underway culminating in partition and consequent adoption of Urdu as official language for Pakistan. In India, Urdu became language for J&K rather than local Kashmiri or Dogri. Interestingly, Urdu vs Bengali struggle heralded the creation of Bangladesh.

Fast forward to the current era, the dynamics are the same. Spheres of Indian culture and art evolved into monopolies of the left by default or design. The inherent tendency to be a rebel often tilts the practitioners of arts into domain of the left. Superiority in practice of art entails use of language and expression different from the common milieu and Urdu given its original roots fit the script perfectly. Therefore any prospective entrant into the Old Boys network would have an incentive to invest in Urdu poetry and literature.

Yet as with any other field, as number of prospective entrants increase, the strength of the signal too has to increase. Therefore the tendency to quote more and more Urdu. At the same time, contestations are not just internal but external to club as well. The club’s place at the top of the hierarchy itself is under threat and so need to coalesce around the external force. However, the substance of arguments borders on rhetoric and not on the quality or facts of the matter. In such a scenario, they are compelled to adopt tactics to defend at the minimum.

In terms of game theory, one can term it as dominant strategy. Irrespective of what your opponents do, to survive or at least come with minimum losses, the player has to design and engage in a certain strategy. This strategy is Urdu poetry and literature. When faced with facts, prospective loss of arguments, the dominant strategy for rational individual as described in economics would be to divert the entire gamut of issues to an Urdu poetry or quote from Urdu literature of Urdu invocation in a Bollywood movie. Many might not understand, yet in accepting the ignorance of Urdu is negative signal in competitive milieu to enter and flourish in the Old Boys club.

The race to the top is virtually an arms race and therefore, the dominance of Urdu in anti-establishmentarian movements in Indian context is unlikely to subside. Internal to the system however, the end result might be, to borrow from game theory again, a sort of Prisoner’s Dilemma.



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