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Decision Making as Output and Bounded Rationality

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  The classical economics theories proceed on the assumption of rational agents. Rationality implies the economic agents undertake actions or exercise choices based on the cost-benefit analysis they undertake. The assumption further posits that there exists no information asymmetry and thus the agent is aware of all the costs and benefits associated with the choice he or she has exercised. The behavioral school contested the decision stating the decisions in practice are often irrational. Implied there is a continuous departure from rationality. Rationality in the views of the behavioral school is more an exception to the norm rather a rule. The past posts have discussed the limitations of this view by the behavioral school. Economics has often posited rationality in the context in which the choices are exercised rather than theoretical abstract view of rational action. Rational action in theory seems to be grounded in zero restraint situation yet in practice, there are numerous restra
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Real Life Economics: Big Tech and Network Effects

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  In a few recent posts the increasing power of Big Tech and the possible consequences of the same were discussed. There is an increasing tendency of over reach by the Big Tech and thus has potential impact on the socio-economic-politic equilibrium of the society or the country. Their over reach was manifested in the US elections of late and has been in some ways manifesting itself in the Indian context too.   It would not erroneous to assume Big Tech is growing too big for their shoes and the states need to curb them. The roots of this power perhaps can be traced to early 2000s when Bill Clinton administration compromised with Microsoft in the anti-trust suits thus ensuring Microsoft was not split. Given the more than generous help given by the Big Tech in their campaign, President Biden is unlikely to go hard on them. In fact, this might embolden them to scale in their experiments in different countries. However a question at this stage would be what gives them the power to dictate t
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Deciphering Woke Capitalism

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A phenomenon that one observes in recent times is the tendency of many leading firms or what one calls the Fortune 100 firms to appear politically correct. In more ways than one, they seem to be focused on pandering to what is termed woke activism. They seem to comment quite often on social justice issues with points of view being what is dubbed as politically correct. Firms from Pepsi to Gillette among many others seem keen to go out of the way to demonstrate their woke credentials. This assumed certain important proportions when many firms decided to boycott Facebook for a month and thus not advertise on the platform. The ostensible reason is the Facebook not demonstrating its liberal credentials sufficiently and its ostensible inability to monitor what woke activists term as hate speech.   Facebook does monitor hate speech and has been aggressive in taking down offensive posts. But woke activists are not impressed enough. To them, it is a conservative platform that seems to prid
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Shape and Structure of Big Tech

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In the US, the approaching elections has resulted in the rediscovery of the curse of bigness. The last major action sought was against Microsoft in the late 1990s and early 2000. However the end result rather than the intended split was a mere rap in the knuckles for Microsoft. There were threats of action during the Obama regime but very little concrete action. In contrast, during Obama, the big technology firms gained in size and market power. Currently, a bipartisan effort is underway to tame the ‘big-tech’, with most suggestions pinpointed on the splitting of big-tech. In orthodox dialect, big tech refers to Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft. It however can be expanded to other firms also. Little dispute exists over the power build-up of these firms in the last decade or so. Facebook with its acquistions of Instagram and WhatsApp has virtually become undisputed in the social media space. Similarly through multiple approaches irrespective of ethicality or otherwis
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