Decision Making as Output and Bounded Rationality

  The classical economics theories proceed on the assumption of rational agents. Rationality implies the economic agents undertake actions or exercise choices based on the cost-benefit analysis they undertake. The assumption further posits that there exists no information asymmetry and thus the agent is aware of all the costs and benefits associated with the choice he or she has exercised. The behavioral school contested the decision stating the decisions in practice are often irrational. Implied there is a continuous departure from rationality. Rationality in the views of the behavioral school is more an exception to the norm rather a rule. The past posts have discussed the limitations of this view by the behavioral school. Economics has often posited rationality in the context in which the choices are exercised rather than theoretical abstract view of rational action. Rational action in theory seems to be grounded in zero restraint situation yet in practice, there are numerous restra

Blyton's Galliano and Theorizing Leadership


To more than a generation of children growing up, Enid Blyton offered a panorama very few can afford to miss. The escapades into realms of realistic fantasy more than enjoyment was an experience few could describe in words. The contemporary woke find might things wrong one too many yet its hardly justifiable to judge a past person on current political correctness. It would be best to enjoy Blyton for what they were rather than through coloured blinds.   

Yet, as we glance as adults, Blytons work very diverse and assorted, it is pleasantly surprising to find insights into man management and several other lessons from dissecting the content in the books. He observation and description are too touching and in more ways than one points to Blyton’s understanding of human behaviour and nature.  Browsing, by accident, couple of her circus books, it was revealing to find each character and action of that character could yield insights into several of organizational and behavioural theories. Her circus stories revolving around circus run by Mr Galliano is a series of three books viz Mr Galliano’s Circus, Hurrah for the Circus and Circus Days Again. Let us take a few instances and examine the managerial leadership styles being described.

Circus Days Again is an interesting book. The circus expands with new performers and animals joining the team. Yet while the circus was doing roaring business, all of sudden Mr Galliano’s wife takes ill and she has to be shifted to another city for treatment and recuperation. Mr Galliano, the owner and the ring master has to accompany her and it means, someone else has to manage the circus in his absence. In the run up to this scene, it would be instructive to take a look at the character of the owner and ringmaster Mr Galliano

In describing Mr. Galliano, Enid Blyton seems to have been influenced by Traits theory of leadership. As Stodgill would survey, traits theory thrust upon certain physical characteristics on the leaders. We see very early in Mr. Galliano’s circus, how Galliano’s physique, dress, appearance, conduct etc reflected the very traits that were assumed to be essential for being a great (wo)man.  Further as we explore the book we see Galliano demonstrating the contingency theory in his conduct.  From an economics perspective, his style of wearing his hat differently at the different times to convey his mood is indicative of signalling theory to his folksmen and women. Contingency theory is reflected best in the way he handles the situation when the bears escape in a storm. While he was an autocratic in dealing with ‘runaway Jimmy and Lotta’ in search of bears post rescue, yet he doesn’t fail to recognize the valuable role they had played in getting the bears back. Earlier, when the elephant escaped in a storm, it was left to young Jimmy Brown not yet a circus boy to rescue him. Galliano’s appreciation of the same talks about the rewards and motivation perspective. His mixture of autocratic and kindness simultaneously is again observed when Jimmy rescues the monkey from the tigers.

At times, one could not wonder, whether Blyton was trying to portray Galliano as an ideal mix of subordinate cantered and boss cantered leadership styles. When Jimmy was not allowed initially to perform with his dog Lucky, it was Mr. Wally who persuaded Galliano for the same. Here we find traces of democratic centred leadership who consults and listens to the advice of his peers and subordinates.

Coming back to Galliano’s departure, it was left to Britomart, the conjurer to manage the circus. Britomart had just joined the circus and would rarely interact with others. He was by and large aloof and did not even stay with the circus people preferring to stay in a city hotel instead. Britomart was a perhaps a personality where superego was often most prominent. If Galliano represented agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness, Britomart perhaps symbolized neuroticism. In fact in Managerial grid paradigm, Britomart was the one to described as solely concerned with production and not with people.

Britomart’s management of circus reflected the same very well. He was aloof and hardly interacted with the circus folk. The performance of the circus did not suffer on the ring. It continued to earn huge money if it were to be described as such. Yet outside the ring, there was all round despondency.  The circus folk were completely upset with the style of functioning, they were frequent run-ins and many planned to leave the circus for greener pastures. When Galliano returns, his dialogue with Britomart is worth reading. In the words of the acrobat, Britomart had fine ideas but simply could not get along with people. Britomart might have been an idealist, yet he was least diplomatic. For Galliano, Blyton’s character would symbolize pragmatist and steward.

Coming back to the dialogue, Galliano tells Britomart, all that he needed to do was a little kindness to his circus folk. Britomart might have revelled in punishment and harassment but aligning with the stick is the carrot which was missing in the leadership. To Enid Blyton, Galliano perhaps demonstrated the carrot and stick approach best as illustrated in one his men describing how they loved him. Britomart might have viewed as spoilt, quarrelsome, disobedient etc yet to Galliano’s leadership style they manifested the normal functioning of a family. The rules of the camp being successful being elucidated to Britomart by Galliano is interesting testimony to conscious or subconscious application of managerial theories, organizational theories, leadership theories, interpersonal theories etc.

Maybe, it could be a good case study to students of organizational and individual behaviour.


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