Decision Making as Output and Bounded Rationality

  The classical economics theories proceed on the assumption of rational agents. Rationality implies the economic agents undertake actions or exercise choices based on the cost-benefit analysis they undertake. The assumption further posits that there exists no information asymmetry and thus the agent is aware of all the costs and benefits associated with the choice he or she has exercised. The behavioral school contested the decision stating the decisions in practice are often irrational. Implied there is a continuous departure from rationality. Rationality in the views of the behavioral school is more an exception to the norm rather a rule. The past posts have discussed the limitations of this view by the behavioral school. Economics has often posited rationality in the context in which the choices are exercised rather than theoretical abstract view of rational action. Rational action in theory seems to be grounded in zero restraint situation yet in practice, there are numerous restra

Shaheen Bagh and the Fallacy of False Equivalence


As Delhi continues to be rocked by violence instigated by anti-CAA crowd, there apparently an orchestrated movement on the part of mainstream media to build an equivalence between pro-CAA groups and anti-CAA groups. It is sought to be projected if there was violence, the anti-CAA was not alone in its culpability. The perception that is sought to be given is they were provoked by pro-CAA groups who should be held responsible for flare-up.

There might be a provocative statements by those counter-protesting against Shaheen Bagh or Jafrabad. Yet these protests were seemingly a reaction to the nearly three month standoff between anti-CAA ‘Dadi’ crowd of Shaheen Bagh. While there cannot be condoning of violence by any individual or group, to the media perhaps it is an occasion to paint false equivalence between the two communities. Without doubt, an intentional attempt to create an equivalence so that the other side too has to pay for the price. Sacrifice of pawns by Shaheen Bagh crowd, it seems will have to compensated by equal sacrifice by the other side irrespective of their involvement or not. The media’s agenda is to ensure it doesn’t look one-sided. Moreover, the murder of the unarmed constable has made the Shaheen Bagh cheerleaders on the defensive, given the perpetrator being a Muslim. It seems the masks are off after all pretensions of swearing allegiance to constitution, preamble etc.  Therefore the strategy of projecting perpetrators as victims has been adopted yet again, something that has seen repeated numerous times in the past. A glance at history suggests manufacturing false equivalence and send Hindus on a guilt-trip and coerce them to make concessions as nothing unusual. The ‘Muslim veto’ is all too old in the Indian political lexicon.

The modus operandi includes manufacture of stories linking to Hindu alleged refusal to accommodate minority (read Muslim) aspirations, link it up to accumulation of minority grievances, causing a reaction. Counter reactions will lead to violence thus building up a chain of events that would make Hindus feel guilty of their treatment of minorities. This class intimidation technique has been perfected for decades. Any attempt to call out the same invites a necessity to project a so called nonpartisan attempt. Implied in this non-partisan project is identifying Hindu elements however fringe they might be and projecting them as mainstream points of view. Thus for every minority grievance imagined or real, there is a majority oppression or refusal perchance fictional to treat on equal footing as a counter.

The plot takes in ancestries in the partition of the country in 1947. Jinnah built his case for separate Muslim nation on the professed impossibility of co-existence between Hindus and Muslims without a sacrifice of power and privileges by Muslims to Hindus. To Jinnah, the refusal of the Congress to share power with the Muslim League in UP post 1938 elections was case in point. Apparently there was an agreement to share power but ostensibly Congress went back on its word. This gave a boost to Jinnah to press his case for Partition. To add, the ill-advised move by the Congress to resign from the ministries protesting against British refusal to consult Congress on World War II helped Jinnah. In absence of Congress, Muslim League was able to build equations with British government and thus Muslim question became a critical talking point in the negotiations between Congress and British till 1947.

The partition and its immediate aftermath culminating in killing of thousands shook the Indian psyche. There was a point to be proved that India would not turn into Hindu equivalent of Pakistan. Secondly, there arose a question on treatment of Muslims who stayed back in India for various reasons. The minorities in Pakistan both Western and Eastern sides were experiencing riots and torture forcing them to migrate. Nehru-Liaquat Pact was ostensibly to control the same yet was ineffective given the Pakistani refusal to honour the accord.

PM Nehru perhaps wanted to prove that Muslims in India will not face the same situation as their Hindu counterparts in Pakistan. To him, perhaps India’s image was at stake. He believed in all likelihood that both his and India’s image would suffer irretrievable damage if Muslims start moving towards Pakistan. So they had to be coaxed to remain in India even if it meant giving them significant concessions in political terms. The opinion leaders who could transfer votes should be allowed exercise of certain veto. Implied was the government would not intervene in the internal affairs of Muslim community. The granting of special status under Article 370 and 1952 Sheikh-Nehru agreement virtually creating quasi-independent Muslim ruled Jammu and Kashmir was a consequence of the same. In fact, Indira Gandhi when she brought in the Adoption Bill in the 1970s had to face severe backlash from Muslim community which refuses to recognize adoption. The All India Muslim Personal Law Board arose from this controversy under whose relentless pressure, she was forced to withdraw the bill.

Secondly, while the Muslim community had to be mollified, coaxed, appeased, there seemed to be a need to paint Hindus as villains of equal culpability if not more. Therefore the storyline needed some raw material. The assassination of Mahatma Gandhi by an alleged Hindu activist provided the fuel for the same. Despite Hindu Mahasabha being a peripheral force with negligible influence, it was consistently targeted and blamed for Partition. The attempt by the media was to weave a narrative of Veer Savarkar as being the first to advocate Partition. Further they built up on his statements to demonstrate he was of the firm belief that Hindus and Muslims cannot co-exist thus creating a path for partition. Despite partition being a outcome of irreconcilable personal ambitions of Nehru and Jinnah, the blame was constantly shifted on the Hindu Mahasabha, RSS and allied organizations. Through her reign, while Indira Gandhi did some pro-Hindu measures, she sought to mollify the Muslim leadership through no-holds barred attack on Jan Sangh though it was hardly a significant force politically. She further sought to balance both the leaderships through regular sops. This ideas was sought to be furthered by her son Rajiv yet he failed miserably. The diminishing returns were possibly taking effect.

The contestations assumed a new shape with the Ram Janmabhoomi movement and the ascendance of the BJP on the political horizon. To many in the media and public intellectual complex, BJP was the archetype desperado in generating Hindu-Muslim fault lines. They have been unable to reconcile the changed narrative and decreasing tolerance to the appeasement of Muslim leadership for narrow political ends. Therefore to the new woke mainstream, any reaction from the minority leadership would have to be rooted or at least manufactured to presume to have roots in certain action by the BJP. The refusal of Narendra Modi government to accommodate media privileges accentuates the relationships. Artifical Ganga-Jamuna tehzeeb narrative is withering away at the grassroots. It never existed in the first place and if it did was essentially imposed as a one way street. The Tehzeeb has to exist or Hindus were forced to concede to appease Muslims because of apprehensions that they might migrate to Pakistan. The hangover of the Partition and guilt-tripping accompanied by the Stockholm syndrome, a product of centuries of Islamic rule in the heartland all contributed to building this fallacy. There has to equivalence however false it might be of creating equal culpability between the two communities. This equivalence has widened the fault lines rather than bridging them. The current narrative is a continuum of the same yet as discussed in the posts on woke here and here we are beginning to witness a final stand by the so called top-down mainstream narrative builders. In fact the trend is eerily resembling something that was projected here.

The perception broadly aligns with the so called liberals, the ones in the forefront of the Ganga-Jamuna Tehzeeb narrative are losing to the green leadership. The narrative which sought to use the shoulders of the Shaheen Bagh to fire against the government for loss of their power and privileges seems to be backfiring. The greens having tasted blood are unlikely to concede or retreat or even accept the leadership of the liberals. In exchange for Muslim veto, the leadership had remained with the Hindus. The upper caste deracinated Hindus who believed they might gain power through appeasement of Muslims will have to retreat or perhaps are facing signs of irrelevance. The tipping point is around the corner and of the foundations of Shaheen Bagh, new contesting narrative might emerge that may not be in the interests of peaceful India. There has been a drive to postpone conceivably perpetually the unfinished business of partition reflected in the anger and agony of the victims. India might have to confront that moment soon. CAA is a pretext, an experiment the agenda is deeper and sinister. It is the first step in expanding the Overton Window of advocating separatism under the guise of freedom of expression. Yet it is testing the Broken Windows of the alleged government non-reaction to the violence. The cheerboys might want to postpone the inevitable but might become the first casualties going forward.

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